|
Hawikuh Ruins, or Hawikuh (''Hawikku'', "gum leaves" in Zuni 〔Lanmon, Dwight P. and Harlow, Francis, "A brief history of the Ashiwi (Zuni) pueblos", in ''The pottery of Zuni Pueblo'', 2008, Museum of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-89013-508-8〕) is a National Historic Landmark located 12 miles southwest of Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico, on the Zuni Indian Reservation. It is included within Zuni-Cibola Complex, a larger National Historic Landmark District that includes other ruins as well. Hawikuh was one of the largest of the Zuni pueblos at the time of the Spanish entrada. It was founded around 1400 AD.〔 It was the first pueblo to be visited and conquered by Spanish explorers. Estevanico, a North African slave assigned to Fray Marcos de Niza's expedition, was the first non-native to visit Hawikuh, in 1539. He was killed when he unwittingly alarmed Zuni tribesmen with decorations that symbolized death.〔〔( Estevanico entry ) at the Handbook of Texas〕 Francisco Vásquez de Coronado conquered the pueblo in 1540, hoping it was one of the legendary "Seven Cities of Gold". He recorded its native name at the time as Cevola, though others who accompanied him wrote it as Cibola in their accounts. It has been conjectured that this name comes from a word meaning "buffalo". Coronado was severely disappointed by the lack of gold, but wrote that,
Some Hawikuu residents fled to the ''Dowa Yalanne'' mesa top to escape the attackers of the Coronado expedition. The 14 structures at ''Dowa Yalanne'' used as a refuge from the Spaniards between 1540-1680 were called ''Heshoda Ayahltona'' ("ancient buildings above").〔Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing Flint ("Dowa Yalanne, or Corn Mountain." ) ''New Mexico Office of the State Historian.'' 21 April 2012.〕 In 1628 the Mission La Purisima Concepcíón de Hawikuh was established. The Spanish attempted to suppress the Zuni religion, and introduced the encomienda forced-labor system. In 1632, the Hawikuh Zunis rebelled, burnt the church, and killed the priest. In 1672, the church was burnt again, by Apache raiders, and it was burnt a final time in 1680 during the Great Pueblo Revolt, when all the Nuevo Mexico pueblos rose against the Spanish. After this revolt, Hawikuh was permanently abandoned.〔 The ruins of Hawikuh were excavated during the period 1917-23 by the Heye Foundation under the leadership of Frederick Webb Hodge. The records and artifacts from this excavation are now at the National Museum of the American Indian.〔(Hawikuh ) at National Park Service〕 Hawikuh was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.〔〔 and 〕 Hawikuh is located on the Zuni Indian Reservation near Zuni, New Mexico.〔 The site may be visited with advance permission from the Zuni tribal office and a guide: 505-782-7022. ==See also== * List of battles fought in New Mexico * List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hawikuh Ruins」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|